The GL0034 paper you linked explicitly argues against your claim that semaglutide causes more desensitization than a biased agonist like GL0034. They even tested that hypothesis for you:
“In case GL0034 and semaglutide differed in their ability to desensitize the GLP‐1R, we also measured insulin release after overnight incubation of INS‐1832/3 cells with a range of concentrations of each agonist; responses were virtually indistinguishable between the two compounds (Figure 2C, Table 1). These data demonstrate that, as expected, GL0034 is capable of potentiating insulin release at elevated glucose concentrations, but do not provide evidence of an increased insulinotropic effect of GL0034 compared to semaglutide.”
They explain that GL0034 is more potent molecule for molecule because of its increased selectivity for cAMP, not because semaglutide has reduced efficacy due to desensitization mechanics. They go on to explain that part of the reason semaglutide performs well is because receptor recycling occurs more quickly with semaglutide than a biased agonist like GL0034, which argues against the idea that biased agonists avoid desensitization. If you’re going to use papers as proof, they shouldn’t be explicitly rejecting the mechanism you’re claiming.
The tirzepatide paper is focused on characterizing tirzepatide and doesn’t get into the mechanics of how receptor desensitization might or might not effect semaglutide. They find (like the GL0034 paper) that the increased cAMP bias of their molecule provides a greater acute effect for a given level of receptor engagement but they don’t extend this into an evaluation testing and demonstrating the irrelevance of desensitization like the GL0034 paper did. While it doesn’t support your claims, at least the tirzepatide paper doesn’t go out of its way to explicitly debunk your hypothesis.
Your claim that the need for dose titration proves that these drugs cause tolerance is just wrong. Pharma gets good weight loss results when they slam people with the max dose of these drugs on day one, see Maritide as an example where they started people at the max dose. The problem is that starting people at max dose Maritide made the drug behave less like an incretin mimetic and more like a bulimia mimetic. Gradually increasing the dose is a mitigation strategy for those side effects, not because they need a higher dose to overcome drug tolerance.
It’s not surprising that higher doses cause more weight loss, higher dose -> larger effect is the basic idea behind the dose response curve. As weight is lost the body pushes back harder to resist further loss and promotes weight gain by increasing appetite and reducing energy expenditure. That’s been true for every weight loss method ever invented, you don’t need to invent a special story about “GLP-1 tolerance” to explain something that happens even without GLP-1s.